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doping in sport
In competitive sports, doping refers to the use of banned athletic performance-enhancing drugs by athletic competitors, where the term ''doping'' is widely used by organizations that regulate sporting competitions. The use of drugs to enhance performance is considered unethical by most international sports organizations, including the International Olympic Committee.
Historically speaking, the origins of doping in sports go back to the very creation of sport itself. From ancient usage of substances in chariot racing to more recent controversies in baseball and cycling, popular views among athletes have varied widely from country to country over the years. The general trend among authorities and sporting organizations over the past several decades has been to strictly regulate the use of drugs in sport. The reasons for the ban are mainly the health risks of performance-enhancing drugs, the equality of opportunity for athletes, and the exemplary effect of drug-free sport for the public. Anti-doping authorities state that using performance-enhancing drugs goes against the "spirit of sport".
==Etymology==
There are many suggestions as to the origin of the term ''doping''. One is that it is derived from ''dop'', an alcoholic drink used as a stimulant in ceremonial dances in 18th century Southern Africa.〔Verroken Baillière's (2000) Clin Endocrinol Metab; 14: 1–23. cited by 〕 Another suggestion is that the word comes from the Dutch word ''doop'' (a thick dipping sauce) that entered American slang to describe how robbers stupefied victims by mixing tobacco with the seeds of ''Datura stramonium'' (jimsonweed) which contains a number of tropane alkaloids, causing sedation, hallucinations and confusion.〔Clarke (1962) Med Leg J; 30: 180–194. cited by 〕〔Ratsch (2005), ''The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and its Applications''. Rochester Ed. Park Street Press.cited by 〕 By 1889, "dope" was used in connection with the preparation of a thick viscous preparation of opium for smoking, and during the 1890s this extended to any stupefying narcotic drug. In 1900, dope was also defined as "a preparation of drugs designed to influence" the performance of a racehorse.〔Barnhart (2003). In Chambers Dictionary of Etymology. Chambers Harrap, Edinburgh, cited by 〕
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